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The Treaty, Truce or Second Peace of Novgorod was concluded in March 1557. It ended the Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557), a series of skirmishes in the Viborg and Oreshek areas resulting from Swedish attempts to keep Livonia, where the Teutonic Order's rule had collapsed, out of the Russian sphere of influence. ==Negotiations and ratification== Since 1554, Gustav I of Sweden had attempted to draw the Livonian gentry into an alliance with Sweden, Denmark-Norway and Poland-Lithuania, but Livonia refused. Thus, Gustav I started negotiations for a Russo-Swedish peace with Novgorod's governor, prince Mikhail Vasil'evich Glinsky. Novgorod was the traditional Russo-Swedish contact point, and Russian tsar Ivan IV "the Terrible" refused to negotiate with Sweden directly since he regarded elected king Gustav I to be of lower status than a hereditary tsar as himself. Gustav I on the other hand did not recognise the Russian tsar as an emperor. He also questioned whether the "Duchy of Muscovy" could represent Russia. Therefore he wanted to send the Swedish commander of Viborg castle as negotiator. In the end Ivan IV claimed that he made an exception, and allowed a Swedish delegation, led by Sten Eriksson Leijonhufvud, Gustav I's brother-in-law and Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala, to leave Novgorod for an audience in Moscow, where they met him in person.〔De Madariaga (2006), p. 125〕 The Swedish delegation comprised a hundred men. The delegates had entered Russia after Åbo clergy Knut Johanneson had acquired the necessary permit in Moscow in 1556. The delegates had arrived in Moscow already on 24 February 1557, but the conclusion of the treaty was delayed until the end of March by the fasting period.〔Heininen&Heikkilä (2002), p. 70〕 The treaty was then signed between Novgorod and Sweden, and introduced a Russo-Swedish truce set to expire in forty years. Sweden further agreed to not support Livonia or Poland-Lithuania in case of a war between those and Russia. In addition, Swedish envoys were again barred from ever meeting the Russian tsar, and referred to Novgorod for further contacts.〔De Madariaga (2006), p. 126〕 On 2 April, in Novgorod, the treaty was put into effect by kissing the cross, following Russian tradition as demanded by Ivan IV. Michael Agricola, who translated the New Testament into Finnish and is regarded "father of the Finnish written language", was also part of the delegation.〔 He died of illness on their way back, in Uusikirkko (now Polyane).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Treaty of Novgorod (1557)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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